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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(2): 206-211, Feb. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1043153

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: There is concern about the cognitive consequences of marijuana consumption. Aim: To assess the influence of current and past marijuana use and frequency on verbal learning and memory in a sample of adults aged 21 years old. Material and Methods: Marijuana use was assessed using a clinician administered interview in 654 participants (56% females), who reported frequency of use, age of first use and whether its use led to problems in their lives. The CogState International Shopping List was administered to assess learning and memory. Results: Seventy percent reported ever using marijuana, 46% consuming during the past year and 27% during the past 30 days. The latter scored significantly lower on delayed recall. Current and frequent use were significantly associated with lower accuracy in verbal learning and memory. Conclusions: In this cohort of adults aged 21 years old, marijuana use was prevalent and related to worse verbal memory.


Antecedentes: Existe preocupación acerca de los efectos cognitivos del consumo de marihuana. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de consumo de marihuana presente o pasado en la capacidad de aprendizaje verbal y memoria en una muestra de adultos de 21 años. Material y Métodos: El consumo de marihuana fue evaluado mediante una entrevista médica en 654 adultos de 21 años (56% mujeres), quienes informaron acerca de la frecuencia de consumo, edad de comienzo y si el consumo les ha causado problemas en sus vidas. Se les administró el Cogstate International Shopping List para evaluar aprendizaje y memoria. Resultados: El 70% informó haber consumido marihuana alguna vez, 46% la usó durante el último año y el 27% en los últimos 30 días. Estos últimos tuvieron un menor puntaje en memoria tardía. El consumo actual y frecuente se asoció a una menor precisión en la capacidad de aprendizaje verbal y memoria. Conclusiones: En esta cohorte de adultos de 21 años, el consumo de marihuana fue prevalente y relacionado a una menor memoria verbal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Mental Recall/drug effects , Verbal Learning/drug effects , Cannabinoids/pharmacology , Marijuana Use/epidemiology , Memory/drug effects , Time Factors , Chile/epidemiology , Marijuana Abuse/etiology , Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cognition Disorders/complications , Marijuana Use/adverse effects , Neuropsychological Tests
2.
Clinics ; 68(3): 351-358, 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-671426

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of supplemental zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine, alone or in combination, on long-term cognitive outcomes among Brazilian shantytown children with low median height-for-age z-scores. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in children aged three months to nine years old from the urban shanty compound community of Fortaleza, Brazil. Demographic and anthropometric information was assessed. The random treatment groups available for cognitive testing (total of 167 children) were: (1) placebo, n = 25; (2) glutamine, n = 23; (3) zinc, n = 18; (4) vitamin A, n = 19; (5) glutamine+zinc, n = 20; (6) glutamine+vitamin A, n = 21; (7) zinc+vitamin A, n = 23; and (8) glutamine+zinc+vitamin A, n = 18. Neuropsychological tests were administered for the cognitive domains of non-verbal intelligence and abstraction, psychomotor speed, verbal memory and recall ability, and semantic and phonetic verbal fluency. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 16.0. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00133406. RESULTS: Girls receiving a combination of glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A had higher mean age-adjusted verbal learning scores than girls receiving only placebo (9.5 versus 6.4, p = 0.007) and girls receiving zinc+vitamin A (9.5 versus 6.5, p = 0.006). Similar group differences were not found between male study children. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that combination therapy offers a sex-specific advantage on tests of verbal learning, similar to that seen among female patients following traumatic brain injury.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Dietary Supplements , Diarrhea/drug therapy , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Verbal Learning/drug effects , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Vitamins/administration & dosage , Zinc/administration & dosage , Brazil , Cognition/drug effects , Double-Blind Method , Neuropsychological Tests , Poverty Areas , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment Outcome
3.
Rev. invest. clín ; 57(4): 522-531, jul.-ago. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632425

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Phenytoin and carbamazepine were the antiepileptic drugs most frequently used in Mexico and throughout the world. Epileptic patients who take these drugs have a variety of collateral effects including the decrease of Mates plas-matic level. Low serie folie acid concentration has been associated with a decline in cognitive functions. The administration of a combined treatment with folie acid could ameliorate these difficulties. Objective.To describe the effect of the folie acid in the cognitive function in epileptic patients who take phenytoin and carbamazepine. Methods. We chose patient who have epilepsy and that are being treated with phenytoin, carbamazepine or both and formed two groups. The study group was treated with a daily dose of 5 mg of folie acid and the control group was administered placebo for a period of six months, with nine patients in each group of same age, sex, education level, epilepsy's evolution, frequency of seizures, EEG abnormalities and antiepileptic drugs plasma levels. We registered data at the beginning (basal) and at the end of the study. Results.Measurements of basal folie acid plasma levels in both groups were under the referential value. The neuropsychological assessment at the beginning (Mini-Barcelona test) showed a deficit in the verbal memory skills in both groups. After six months of treatment with folie acid (study group), the folie acid plasma level was 12.2 mg/mL (p < 0.01) higher than the basal value. Verbal memory test has improved with respect to the basal value (p < 0.05). The numbers of seizures and the plasma levels of the antiepileptic drugs remained unchanged. On the other hand, the group treated with placebo did not improve. Conclusion.Treatment with folie acid is safe and without side effects, it improved the cognitive function in patients with epilepsy treated with phenytoin and carbamazepine.


Introducción. La difenilhidantoína (DFH) y la carbamazepina (CBZ) son los antiepilépticos más empleados en México y en el mundo, los pacientes con epilepsia que emplean estos fármacos presentan una disminución en las concentraciones séricas de ácido fólico, una de las causas que pueden contribuir a un deterioro cognitivo, por lo que la terapia sustitutiva con ácido fólico pudiera mejorar estas alteraciones. Objetivo. Describir el efecto de la disminución del ácido fólico en la cognición de pacientes con epilepsia tratados con difenilhidantoína y carbamazepina. Material y métodos. Incluimos pacientes tratados con carbamazepina, fenitoína o ambos, con epilepsia. Formamos dos grupos: Un grupo experimental recibió ácido fólico 5 mg/día y otro grupo control recibió placebo durante seis meses, nueve pacientes en cada grupo; pareados en la edad, sexo, escolaridad, tiempo de evolución, námero de crisis, alteraciones EEG, niveles séricos de anticonvulsivos, realizamos estudios neuropsicológicos al inicio (básales) y al final del estudio a ambos grupos. Resultados. Las básales del ácido fólico en ambos grupos estuvieron por debajo del valor de referencias. En las pruebas neuropsicológicas (básales) (prueba de Mini-Barcelona) se halló un déficit en el área de la memoria verbal en ambos grupos. Después de seis meses de tratamiento con ácido fólico (grupo experimental) los niveles de ácido fólico alcanzaron 12.2 ng/mL (p < 0.01) con respecto a su basal; las pruebas de memoria verbal mejoraron con respecto a su basal (p < 0.05); el námero de crisis y los niveles séricos de los anticonvulsivos no se modificaron. El grupo con placebo no presentó ninguna mejoría. Conclusiones. El tratamiento coadyuvante con ácido fólico es seguro, libre de efectos adversos y mejoró las alteraciones cognitivas (memoria verbal) de estos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Carbamazepine/adverse effects , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Folic Acid Deficiency/chemically induced , Folic Acid/therapeutic use , Phenytoin/adverse effects , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/blood , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Carbamazepine/administration & dosage , Carbamazepine/blood , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Drug Therapy, Combination , Epilepsy/complications , Folic Acid Deficiency/drug therapy , Folic Acid Deficiency/psychology , Folic Acid/blood , Language Tests , Memory/drug effects , Neuropsychological Tests , Pilot Projects , Phenytoin/administration & dosage , Phenytoin/blood , Phenytoin/therapeutic use , Psychomotor Performance/drug effects , Verbal Learning/drug effects
4.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Enfermedades Respir ; 8(2): 124-7, abr.-jun. 1995. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-158949

ABSTRACT

El tabaquismo es un problema de salud que ha despertado gran interés, debido a la importancia de las enfermedades que se relacionan con el hábito tabáquico. La mayoría de las investigaciones que al respecto se han realizado están enfocadas desde un punto de vista somático y son menos numerosas las que abordan el aspecto psicológico. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo medir la memoria a corto plazo en un grupo de estudiantes del nivel medio de educación, empleando la prueba de David Wechsler modificada. La población estuvo integrada por 119 no fumadores y 89 fumadores. La prueba estadística chi cuadrada no mostró diferencias significativas en la memoria a corto plazo entre los grupos de fumadores y no fumadores


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Male , Female , Memory, Short-Term/drug effects , Smoking/psychology , Verbal Learning/drug effects
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